Main description:

Antimicrobial resistance is recognised among the world's most challenging problems. Despite its global spread, Africa, specifically sub-Saharan Africa, is the most affected by this malaise. Poor living conditions and inadequate access to sanitation and potable water supplies are among contributing factors that have influenced a high disease burden on the continent, requiring extensive antimicrobials. Weak health systems and the absence of firm policies further aggravate the problem, as the use of antimicrobials is mostly unregulated. The increasing demand for animal protein to meet the starving populations' demands has also influenced the use of these antimicrobials, including those banned on other continents, for food animal production. The ripple effect of indiscriminate use in humans and animals is the massive discharge of antimicrobials, their residues, antimicrobial-resistant microorganisms and their associated genes into the environment.

This 14-chapter unique masterpiece presents the AMR problem in African, addressing the various compartments of the One Health - humans, animals, and the environment, to illustrate the need for concerted efforts in the fight against AMR, especially in Africa. Authors from the four cardinal points present diverse aspects of AMR in Africa, starting with behavioural and social drivers of AMR in Africa. Antimicrobial stewardship in an African context is also discussed. AMR in humans is presented through studies on antibiotic-resistant neonates and nontyphoidal Salmonella infections and the clinical relevance of the genetics of viral resistance. Topics on AMR in mastitis, biosecurity in animal farming and the linkage between disinfectants and AMR are discussed. The environmental dimension of AMR is discussed, notably in the aquatic environment, and its implication for aquaculture and irrigation and using nanomaterials to treat polluted waters from such environments are highlighted. Finally, Africa's rich floral diversity is portrayed as an eco-friendly and cost-effective approach to combat AMR. Hopefully, the work presented will spur greater collaboration between scientists, environmental, animal and human health practitioners, the general population, and policymakers to assimilate and implement the One Health approach to combating AMR, rather than working in silos on their various sectors

Contents:

Preface
SECTION 1: Food
Chapter 1: Microbiological safety and antimicrobial resistance in fresh produce production in Africa Yinka Somorin, PhD and Amara Anyogu, PhDQueen's University Belfast, Belfast, UKUniversity of Westminster, London, UK/NIGERIA
Chapter 2: The current status of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and genes in African aquacultureSamwel Mchele Limbu, PhDDepartment of Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Technology, College of Agricultural Sciences and Fisheries Technology, University of Dar es Salaam, TANZANIA

Chapter 3: Antibiotic resistance in food animals in Africa: Occurrence, human health risk, socio-economic impact, and mitigation measuresChioma Achi, PhDFaculty of Veterinary Medicine, Usmanu Danfodiyo University Sokoto, NIGERIA.
Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, CB3 0ES, United Kingdom
SECTION 2: Detection
Chapter 4: The era of bacterial genomics in antibiotic research in AfricaJonathan Asante, PhDSchool of Pharmacy, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, GhanaAntimicrobial Research Unit, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, SOUTH AFRICA
Chapter 5: Insights Gained Through Genomics and Metagenomics Resistomes Studies in AfricaDaniel Gyamfi Amoako, PhDCentre for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg 2131, South Africa
Antimicrobial Research Unit, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South AfricaBiomedical Resource Unit, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa
SECTION 3: Environment
Chapter: 6: Occurrence and health risks of antimicrobial resistance in African aquatic systems Professor Willis Gwenzi, PhDBiosystems and Environmental Engineering Research Group, Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zimbabwe, PO. Box MP 167, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe
Chapter 7: Antibiotics and antibiotic-resistant bacteria in African coastal ecosystemsProfessor Moustafa Ahmed El-Shenawy, PhDNational Research Center, Cairo 12311, EGYPT
Chapter 8: Application of nanotechnology for the elimination of antibiotic-resistant bacteria from wastewaterKhalid El-Wakeel, Akebe Luther King Abia, Mohamed Azab El-LiethyEnvironmental Science Department, Faculty of Science, Port Said University, Port Said, EgyptCollege of Science, Department of Chemistry, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi ArabiaAntimicrobial Research Unit, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, X54001 Durban, South AfricaEnvironmental Microbiology Lab., Water Pollution Research Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt
SECTION 4: Viruses
Chapter 9: Genetics of viral resistance: clinical relevance and role in future disease outbreaksJuliet. A. Shenge, PhDDepartment of Virology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, NIGERIA
SECTION 5: One Health
Chapter 10: Antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella enterica in AfricaProfessor TOUATI Abdelaziz, PhDLaboratoire d'Ecologie microbienne, FSNV, Universite de Bejaia, ALGERIE
Chapter 11: Antimicrobial resistance patterns of ESKAPE pathogens in humans, animals, and the environment in AfricaBakoena HensaAntimicrobial Research Unit, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, SOUTH AFRICA
Chapter 12: Informal settlements and slums: Sinks and sources of antibiotic resistance in AfricaMartina Chukwu, PhDTB Research Unit, Department of Microbiological Pathology, Sefako Makgatho Health Science University, Molotlegi Roag, Ga-Rankuwa Pretoria 2000, Gautent, South Africa

SECTION 6: Humans
Chapter 13: Antibiotic resistance pattern of bloodstream infections in neonates: reports on AfricaAssia MAIRI, PhDLaboratoire d'Ecologie Microbienne, FSNV, Universite de Bejaia, Algerie
SECTION 7: Antibiotics alternatives
Chapter 14: Natural products in combination with conventional antimicrobial agents - A potential solution to antimicrobial resistanceZ. Booth and S.F. van VuurenDepartment of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown 2193, South Africa
Chapter 15: Biocidal activity of plant extracts: the case of AlgeriaProfessor Leila Bendifallah, PhDLaboratory of Soft technologies, valorization, physico-chemistry of biological materials and biodiversity, Faculty of Sciences, M'hamed Bougara University, Boumerdes, 1 Avenue de l Independance 35000, Algeria SECTION 8: Non-antibiotic-driven antibiotic resistance
Chapter 16: Interconnection between antibiotic resistance and disinfectant resistanceProfessor Robert Bragg, PhD
Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of the Free State, PO Box / Posbus 339, Bloemfontein 9300, Republic of SOUTH AFRICA
Chapter 17: Effects of disinfectant resistance in a post antibiotic era in animal production Professor Robert Bragg, PhDNatural and Agricultural Sciences, University of the Free State, PO Box / Posbus 339, Bloemfontein 9300, Republic of SOUTH AFRICA
SECTION 9: Stewardship and socioeconomic dimension
Chapter 18: Antimicrobial Stewardship in AfricaMirfin Mpundu
ReAct Africa, Plot 18 Lilayi Road, Lilayi, Lusaka, Zambia

SECTION 10: Socio-cultural and socio-behavioural
Chapter 19: Occurrence, human exposure, and health risks of antibiotic resistance in the funeral industry: A PerspectiveProfessor Willis Gwenzi, PhDBiosystems and Environmental Engineering Research Group, Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zimbabwe, PO. Box MP 167, Mount Pleasant, Harare, ZIMBABWE
Chapter 20: Social structures and assemblages of AMR in African settingsLenore Manderson and Susan Nayiga
School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa LenoreLondon School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine
BibliographyIndex