Main description:

Acute kidney failure is an important clinical area in the intensive care unit setting. An estimated 5-20% of critically ill patients experience an episode of acute kidney failure during the course of their illness, and about 5% of patients admitted to an ICU will eventually require renal replacement therapy. In these patients, in-hospital mortality is extremely high, exceeding 50%. Thus, the early detection and causal treatment of acute kidney problems is vitally important for a successful outcome. Written by internationally renowned experts, this clinical reference offers helpful advice with the most recent information on the definition, epidemiology, pathophysiology, and clinical causes of acute kidney failure as a fundamental prerequisite for prevention of this disorder. Moreover, it also covers differential diagnostic approaches for patients with acute renal failure and provides a detailed outline of important measures for their clinical management. Finally, separate chapters are dedicated to various key aspects related to the adequate delivery of acute renal replacement therapy. It is intended as a helpful guide for all clinicians involved in the care of patients at risk of developing acute kidney problems.

Contents:

A. General Considerations

1. Introduction

2. Definition and Classification of Acute Kidney Failure

3. Overview of Pathophysiology, Etiology and Epidemiology
3.1. Mechanisms of Kidney Injury and Repair
3.2. Uremic Toxins
3.2. Pre-renal Acute Kidney Failure
3.3. Intrinsic Acute Kidney Failure
3.4. Urinary Tract Obstruction
3.5. Epidemiology and Economical Impact

4. Diagnostic Evaluation and Procedures
4.1. Clinical Evaluation
4.2. Laboratory Investigation
4.3. Kidney Function Tests and Urinalysis
4.4. Radiography
4.5. Ultrasonography
4.6. Kidney biopsy

5. Prevention and Conservative Therapy of Acute Kidney Failure
5.1. Volume Resuscitation and Management
5.1. Electrolyte Homeostasis
5.3. Acid-Base Balance
5.2. Monitoring and Management of Systemic Hemodynamics
5.3. Correction of Anaemia
5.4. Nutrition and Metabolism
5.5. Glucose and Insulin
5.6. Bleeding and Hemostasis
5.7. Neurological Problems
5.8. Gastrointestinal Complications
5.9. Cardiovascular Complications
5.10. Specific Interventions / Drugs

6. Indications to Start Kidney Replacement Therapy

7. Long-term Outcome of Acute Kidney Failure

B. Diagnosis and Management of Specific Disorders

1. Acute Kidney Failure in Sepsis
2. Cardiogenic Shock and Acute Kidney Failure
3. Acute Kidney Problems in Congestive Heart Failure
4. Hepato-Renal Syndrome
5. ARDS and Kidney Failure
6. Toxic Nephropathy due to Drugs and Poisons
7. Toxic Nephropathy due to Radio Contrast Media
8. Acute Glomerulonephritis, Vascultis, and Pulmo-Renal Syndromes
9. Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome / Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura
10. AcuteInterstitial Nephritis
11. Myoglobinuric Acute Kidney Failure
12. Tropical Infections and Acute Kidney Failure
13. AIDS and Acute Kidney Failure
14. Acute Kidney Failure in Hematological Disorders and Tumor Lysis Syndrome
15. Acute Kidney Failure follwing Cardiovascular Surgery
16. Polytrauma and Acute Kidney Failure
17. Burns and Acute Kidney Failure
18. Acute Kidney Transplant Failure
19. Acute Kidney Failure during Pregnancy and Post Partum
20. Acute Kidney Failure in Children

C. Temporary Replacement of Kidney Function

1. Principles of Extracorporeal Blood Purification: Hemodialysis, Hemofiltration, Hemodiafiltration
2. Membranes for Dialysis and Hemofiltration
3. Dialysates and Substitution Fluids
4. Intermittent Hemodialysis
5. Continuous Renal Replacement Therapies
6. SLEDD and SCUF
7. Quantifying the Dose of Acute Kidney Replacement Therapy
7. Adequacy and Dosing of Acute Kidney Replacement Therapy
8. Anticoagulation for Acute Dialysis
9. Vascular Access for Acute Dialysis
10. Principles and Practice of Acute Peritoneal Dialysis
11. Choosing a Therapy Modality for Acute Kidney Replacement Therapy
12. Stopping Acute Kidney Replacement Therapy

D. Management of Specific Issues

1. Anaesthesia in Patients with Acute Kidney Failure
2. Drug Dosing in Acute Kidney Failure and During Kidney Replacement Therapy
3. Acute Kidney Replacement Therapy In Children
4. Extracorporeal Therapies for Non-Renal Indications
4.1. Extracorporeal Therapies and Immunomodulation During Sepsis
4.2. Extracorporeal Liver Support
4.3. Extracorporeal Removal of Drugs and Toxins