Main description:

Landraces possess a very large genetic base in population structure and are dynamic populations of cultivated plants with historical origin, distinct identity, and without any formal crop improvement. They are often genetically diverse, locally adapted, and associated with traditional farming systems. Resistance genes to biotic and abiotic stress factors, which are especially diversified in landraces, are of great interest to plant breeders, faced with global climate challenge. In addition, gene pools made of different landraces grown in different ecological conditions can be used for wheat breeding to enhance quality; yield and other desirable agricultural parameters. An estimated 75% of the genetic diversity of crop plants was lost in the last century due to the replacement of high yielding modern varieties. There is, thus, an urgent need to preserve existing species, not only for posterity but also as a means to secure food supply for a rising world population. In this book, we provide an overview of wheat landraces with special attention to genetic diversities, conservation, and utilization.

Contents:

Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Origin and Evolution of Wheat

1.2 History of Wheat and Breeding Studies in Turkey

1.3 Importance of Wheat Landraces

1.4. Advantages and Disadvantages

CHAPTER 2 Wheat Landraces in Mesopotamia

2. 1. Historical background

2. 2. Land races and common characteristics in Mesopotamia

2.3. Wheat landraces characteristics and researches in southeastern Turkey

2.4. Wheat landraces, characteristics and researches in Syria, Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon and Palestine

2. 3. Current situation of land races in Mesopotamia

2. 4. Future perspectives

2. 5. References

Chapter 3 CONSERVATION OF PLANT GENETIC RESOURCES

3.1 General View on the Wheat Landraces

3.1.1 Ex situ Conservation

3.1.2 Ex situ conservation studies of genetic resources in Turkey

Turkey is one of the leading countries in terms of plant genetic resources

3.1.3 Seed gene banks in Turkey

3.1.3.1 National Seed Gene Bank

3.1.3. 2 Seed Gene Bank of Field Crops Central Research Institute

3.1.3.3Turkish Seed Gene Bank

3.1.3.3.1 Units of Turkish Seed Gene Bank

Seed Test Chamber: In the Seed Test Chamber of Gene Bank, physical

3.1.3.3. 2Seed conservation rooms

3.1.4 Osman Tosun Gene Bank

3.1.5 Botanic Gardens

3.2. In situ Conservation

3.2.1 In Situ - On farm Conservation

3.2.2 Recommendations for in situ / on farm conservation of landraces

3.2.3 In situ studies in Turkey

3.4 Conclusion

3. 5. References

CHAPTER 4 Characterization of Genetic Diversity in Wheat Landraces

4.1. Introduction

4.2. Variation in Morphological, Phenological, and Agronomic Traits

4.3. Variation in Seed Storage Proteins

4.4. Variation in Isoenzymes

4.5. Variation in DNA Structure

4.6. References

CHAPTER 5 MACRO-MICRO ELEMENTS IN WHEAT LANDRACES AND THEIR USE IN BREEDING

5.1. Macro-micro elements in wheat landraces

5.2. Wheat Landraces in Breeding Studies

5.3. References

Chapter 6 Nutritional and Technological Properties of Wheat Landraces

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Physical Properties

6.3 Protein Content and Quality

6.4 Starch and Lipid Contents

6.5 Vitamins and Minerals

6.6 Phytochemicals and Antioxidants

6.7 Dietary Fibre and -glucan

6.8 Rheological Properties

6.9 Wheat Landraces-based Foodstuffs

6.10 Conclusions

6.11. References

Chapter 7 Total Economic Value of Wheat Landraces

7. 1. Introduction

7. 2. Total Economic Value Approach for Valuation of Wheat Landraces

7. 2.1. Direct Use Value (Directly Consumed or Available on the Market)

7. 2.1.1. Production function value

7. 2.1.2. Information function value (Values without direct consumption)

7. 2.2. Indirect Use Value

7. 2.2.1. The value of service in functioning, order and protection of the ecosystem

7. 3. Out of Use Value

7. 4. Use of Wheat Landraces as a Rural Development Tool

The aim of rural development is to provide sustainable, economic, social, cultural

7. 5. Use of Wheat Landraces in Geographical Indication System

Although it is not a definitive description, the limits of the local products are

7. 6. General Evaluation and Conclusion

7.7. References

Chapter 8 -CHEMICAL CONTENTS OF WHEAT LANDRACES AND THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO HUMAN HEALTH

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Chemical Contents and Effects of Wheat Varieties on Human Health

8.3 Conclusion

8.4. References

Chapter 9: CLIMATE CHANGE & GLOBAL WARMING EFFECT(S) ON WHEAT LANDRACES: A GENERAL APPROACH

9.1. Introduction

9.2. STATUS IN TURKEY

9.3. References

Chapter 10 Wheat Landraces Versus Resistance to Biotic and Abiotic stresses

10.1 Wheat Landraces

10.1.1 The Distribution of Wheat Landraces

10.1.2 Landraces of Genetic varieties

10.1.3 Genetic Diversity of Wheat Landraces Based on the Adaptation of Climate Change

10.2 Abiotic Stress in Wheat Landraces

10.2.1 Drought Stress

10.2.2 Cold Stress

10.2.3 Heat Stress

One of the major environmental factors affecting plant growth, development, and

10.2.4 Salinity Stress

10.2.5 Waterlogging Stress

10.3 Biotic Stress for Wheat Landraces

10.3.1 Wheat Landraces Fungal and Rust Diseases

10.3.1.1 Seedborne Diseases

10.3.1.1.2 Soil-borne disease

10.3.1.1.3 Rot disease

10.3.1.1.4 Wheat Rusts

10.3.1.1.4.1 Stripe Rust

10.3.1.1.4.2 Stem rust

10.3.1.1.4.3 Leaf Rust

10.3.2 Wheat Landraces' Viral Diseases

10.3.3 Wheat Landraces' Bacterial Diseases

10.3.4 Wheat Landraces' Nematodes

10.4 Conclusion

10.5. References

CHAPTER 11- Contribution of landraces in wheat breeding

11.1. Introduction of landraces

11.1.1. Role of landraces in adaptive traits

11.1.1.1. Success stories of wheat landraces for adaptive and yield-related traits

11.1.2. Role of landraces in abiotic stress

11.1.2.1. Wheat landraces role in salinity Tolerance

11.1.2.2. Drought and Heat Stress Tolerance in Wheat

11.1.3. Role of wheat landraces in quality traits

11.1.3.1. Landraces for biofortification

11.1.3.2. Landraces for some important quality traits

11.2. Role of landraces in biotic stress

11.2.1. Role of wheat landraces in disease resistance

11.2.1.1. Role of wheat landraces in rust diseases

11.2.1.1.1. Yellow rust or stripe rust

11.2.1.1.2. Leaf rust

11.2.1.1.3. Stem rust

11.2.1.2. Role of wheat landraces in Powdery Mildew (PM)

11.2.1.3. Role of wheat landraces in Fussarium Head Blight (FHB)

11.2.1.4. Role of wheat landraces in Septoria Tritici Blotch (STB)

11.2.1.5. Role of wheat landraces in Eyespot

11.2.1.6. Role of wheat landraces in Strangospora Nodorum Blotch (SNB)

11.2.1.7. Role of wheat landraces in Bacterial Leaf Streak (BLS)

11.2.1.8. Role of wheat landraces in Spot Blotch (SB)

11.2.1.9. Role of wheat landraces in Common Bunt (CB)

11.2.1.10. Role of wheat landraces in Dwarf Bunt (DB)

11.2.1.11. Role of wheat landraces in Wheat Blast (WB)

11.2.2. Role of wheat landraces in pest resistance

11.2.2.1. Role of wheat landraces in Root-Lesion Nematodes

11.2.2.2. Role of wheat landraces in Russian Wheat Aphid (RWA)

11.2.2.3. Role of wheat landraces in Wheat Stem Sawfly (WSS)

11.2.2.4. Role of wheat landraces in Cereal Cyst Nematodes (CCN)

11.3. Landraces and the Future of Wheat Diversity

11.4. References